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defensive realism
Defensive neorealism is a structural theory derived from the school of realism in International Relations theory. It finds its foundation in Kenneth Waltz’s ''Theory of International Politics'', in which Waltz argues that the anarchical structure of the international system encourages states to maintain moderate and reserved policies to attain security.〔Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw Hill (1979)〕 In contrast, offensive realism assumes that states seek to maximize their power and influence to achieve security through domination and hegemony.〔Mearsheimer, John J., The Tragedy of Great Power Politics New York: W.W. Norton (2001)〕 Defensive neorealism asserts that aggressive expansion as promoted by offensive neorealists upsets the tendency of states to conform to the balance of power theory, thereby decreasing the primary objective of the state, which they argue is ensuring its security.〔Layne, C, “The Unipolar Illusion: Why New Great Powers Will Rise International Studies Review 5 (2003) 303-324〕 While defensive realism does not deny the reality of interstate conflict, nor that incentives for state expansion do not exist, it contends that these incentives are sporadic rather than endemic. Defensive neorealism points towards “structural modifiers” such as the security dilemma and geography, and elite beliefs and perceptions to explain the outbreak of conflict.〔Taliaferro, Jeffery W., "Security Seeking Under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Revisited" International Security 25:3 (2000/01): 128-161〕
==Theoretical Origins==
Defensive neorealism is a structural theory that is part of structural realism, also known as neorealism, which is a subset of the realist school of thought in International Relations theory. Neorealism therefore works from Realism’s five base theoretical assumptions as outlined by neorealist scholar John J. Mearsheimer in “The False Promise of International Institutions”. These assumptions are:〔Mearsheimer, John J., “The False Promise of International Institutions” International Security 19:3 (1994-1995): 5-49〕
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